harmonics (n.) The doctrine or science of musical sounds.
harmonics (n.) Secondary and less distinct tones which accompany any
principal, and apparently simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the
fifteenth, and the seventeenth. The name is also applied to the
artificial tones produced by a string or column of air, when the
impulse given to it suffices only to make a part of the string or
column vibrate; overtones.
Wikipedia
music Harmonics in music are notes which are produced in a special way. They are notes which are produced as part of the “harmonic series”.
In physics a harmonic is a wave which is added to the basic fundamental wave. In this article we are talking about sound waves, and we can understand it clearly by looking at the strings of a musical instrument.
When a violinist plays a note on a violin string the string starts to vibrate very fast. This vibration makes the air vibrate and the sound waves travel to our ear so that we can hear it. If the note was absolutely pure the string would move like a sine wave. Sine waves can only be made electronically and they sound very boring to us. The note played on the violin string makes the string vibrate in a very complicated way. There is the basic note (the fundamental), but added to that are lots of other little notes that all add up to a sound in a special way that tells us that it is a violin playing and not a clarinet or a human voice.
The higher the note the faster the string vibrates. An A above middle C (the violinist’s A string) vibrates at 440Hz (440 times per second). This is the “fundamental” or “first harmonic”. The second harmonic is vibrating twice as fast (ratio 2:1): 880Hz. This gives an A an octave higher. The third harmonic will give a ratio 3:2. This will be an E (an octave and a fifth above the fundamental). The higher the harmonic the quieter it is, but the ratio is always a whole number (not a fraction).
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